STARTto start doing something1 to start doing something2 to start an activity, job, speech etc by doing the first part of it3 to be the person who starts something4 to start a journey5 to start doing something regularly6 to help or encourage someone to start doing something new7 to start doing something again in a better way8 to start doing something successfully9 to start doing something unsuccessfullyto start to happening10 to start happening11 to start to exist12 when something bad starts to happento make something start13 to make something start happening14 to officially start a new system, method, rule etc15 to start a new business or organization16 when something starts a natural process17 to start an old law, custom, system etc after a long timeRELATED WORDSoppositeSTOPFINISHsee alsoBEGINNINGFIRST1 to start doing something 开始做某事start /stɑːʳt/ [intransitive/transitive verb] We can't start until Carol gets here. 等卡罗尔到了我们才可以开始。 I'm starting a new job next week. 下个星期我要开始一份新的工作。 Have you started that book yet?started reading it你开始看那本书了吗？start doing something I've just started learning German. 我刚刚开始学德语。 It was getting dark so we started looking for a place to stay the night. 天慢慢黑下来，我们开始找晚上住的地方。start to do something Halfway through the performance, she started to feel a little faint. 演出进行了一半，她开始感到有点头晕。 Outside, it was starting to rain. 外面开始下雨了。begin /bɪˈgɪn/ [intransitive/transitive verb]to start doing something.Begin is more formal thanstart and is used especially in written English 开始〔比start正式，尤用于书面英语〕 Once the children were quiet, the teacher began. 孩子们一静下来，老师就开始上课了。 They began their holiday in Italy, and then went on to Greece. 他们的假期从意大利开始，后来又去了希腊。begin to do something More and more people are beginning to do their shopping on-line. 越来越多的人开始网上购物。 ‘What do you mean?’ she said, beginning to laugh. “你什么意思呀？”她说着笑了起来。begin doing something The audience suddenly began shouting and cheering. 观众顿时大叫着欢呼起来。get down to /ˌget ˈdaʊn tuː/ [transitive phrasal verb]to finally start doing something, especially work, after you have been avoiding doing it or after something has prevented you from doing it 〔一度耽搁后〕开始着手做…，开始认真做…〔尤指工作〕 Come on Sam - it's time you got down to some homework. 来吧，山姆—你该开始做家庭作业了。get down to to doing something When the summer comes, we must get down to painting the outside of the house. 等到夏天来临，我们一定要把房子的外墙刷一刷。get down to business OK, can everyone take a seat now, and we'll get down to business. 好了，请大家都坐好，我们要开始了。start on /ˈstɑːʳt ɒn/ [transitive phrasal verb]to start a piece of work that will take a fairly long time 开始〔做〕〔需时颇长的工作〕 The exam was almost over and I hadn't even started on question 3. 考试都快结束了，我还没开始做第三道题。 It was time to start on all those little jobs around the house that he'd been putting off. 应该动手去做家里这些零零碎碎的活儿了，他一直拖着不干。 We can't start on the building work until planning permission comes through. 要取得建筑许可证我们才可以开工。set about/set to work /ˈset əbaʊt, ˌset tə ˈwɜːʳk/ [transitive phrasal verb/verb phrase]to start a long and fairly difficult piece of work, especially in an energetic and determined way 着手做〔需要时间较长、颇为困难的一项工作〕 Philip set about the task with a great deal of energy and enthusiasm. 菲利普以无穷的精力和热情开始了这项任务。 Why don't we set to work really early, and try to get it finished in one day? 我们为什么不一早就开始，在一天之内把它干完呢?set about/set to work doing something If there is a serious problem, it's far better to admit it and set about tackling it. 如果出现严重的问题，最好是承认问题的存在，并着手去解决它。set to work to do something Workmen had already set to work to clear the fallen trees. 工人们已经动手清理倒下的树木。set to work on something Once in power, the government set to work on major reforms to the tax system. 政府一上台就开始进行重大的税制改革。proceed to do something /prəˌsiːd tə ˈduː something/ [verb phrase]to start doing something after you have finished doing something else 〔结束其他事情之后〕继续做某事，开始做某事 Martin marched into the shop and proceeded to hurl abuse at the girl behind the counter. 马丁大步走进店里，对柜台后面的那个女孩破口大骂起来。 After listening carefully to my advice, she proceeded to do the exact opposite! 她仔细听了我的劝告之后，开始做起完全相反的事情来！settle down to /ˌsetl ˈdaʊn tuː/ [verb phrase]to start doing something after a delay or interruption that has stopped you giving it your full attention 〔被耽搁或受打扰之后〕开始全力〔专心〕做 After lunch the children settled down to finish their science projects. 午饭后，孩子们定下心来把科学专题研究做完。settle down to to doing something It was two o'clock before I could finally settle down to writing the next chapter. 等我最后坐下来写下一章的时候已是两点钟了。launch into /ˈlɔːntʃ ɪntuː/ [transitive phrasal verb]to suddenly start a long speech or story, especially if you are criticizing something or giving an entertaining description of something 开始大发议论；开始大谈特谈〔尤指在批评某事或生动有趣地对某事进行描述时〕 Annie arrived late and immediately launched into a lengthy description of the terrible traffic on the roads. 安妮迟到了，一进来就啰啰唆唆地讲路上交通如何如何糟糕。 At that point the young man stood up and launched into a passionate party-political speech. 就在那个关头，这位年轻人站起来发表了一篇慷慨激昂的党政演说。embark on/upon /ɪmˈbɑːʳk ɒn, əpɒn/ [transitive phrasal verb]to start a large piece of work or an important activity, especially one that will be difficult or will take a long time 着手，开始〔一项大的工作或重要活动，尤指困难或费时的工作〕 In the 1950s China embarked on a massive program of industrialization and mechanization. 20世纪50年代，中国开始实施一项宏大的工业化和机械化的计划。 After leaving his office job, he embarked upon a highly successful writing career. 他辞去办公室工作以后，开始了他的写作生涯，非常成功。come to/grow to/get to /ˈkʌm tuː, ˈgrəʊ tuː, ˈget tuː/ [transitive phrasal verb]to gradually start to like, fear, expect etc something over a period of time 逐渐地开始〔喜欢、担心或期待某事〕 Rowling's latest book is full of all the magic and excitement that her young readers have come to expect. 罗琳的最新小说里充满了她的年轻读者所期待的魔幻与激情。 At first I thought he was a bit strange, but I grew to like and respect him over the years. 起初我觉得他有点怪，但是多年下来，我逐渐喜欢他，而且尊敬他了。 My teacher said that this wasn't the kind of work that she'd come to expect of me. 老师说她没想到我能写出这样的文章。get cracking /ˌget ˈkrækɪŋ/ [verb phrase]spoken informalto start doing something immediately, because you are in a hurry or there is a lot to do 【口,非正式】赶快动手 Come on! - get cracking. I want this whole house clean by the time I get back. 快点！赶紧动手，我要你们在我回来的时候把屋子全部打扫干净。 You'd better get cracking if you want to get to the airport by ten. 如果你想在10点之前赶到机场，就得赶快了。2 to start an activity, job, speech etc by doing the first part of it 以做第一部分开始某项活动、工作、讲话等start by/begin by /ˈstɑːʳt baɪ, bɪˈgɪn baɪ/ [verb phrase not in passive]to do something as the first part of an activity or job 以…开始start by/begin by doing something There were two interviewers and they began by asking me questions about my last job. 给我面试的有两个人，他们一开始就问我有关上一份工作的事情。 When you're drawing a face, you should start by trying to imagine the bones underneath. 画脸的时候，应该首先想象一下脸部的骨架。start with/begin with /ˈstɑːʳt wɪð, bɪˈgɪn wɪð/ [transitive phrasal verb not in passive]to think about, introduce, or deal with something as the first part of an activity 以…开始 If I were you, I'd start with the easy questions. 要是我的话，就从简单的问题开始做。 The lecturer began with a short account of the history of the UN. 讲师先对联合国的历史进行了简短的介绍。 Decorating the place was a huge job, and we started with the kitchen and the hall. 装修工程浩大，我们决定从厨房和门厅开始干起。lead off /ˌliːd ˈɒf/ [intransitive/transitive phrasal verb not in passive]to start something such as a meeting or discussion by introducing a subject or speaking first 〔以介绍主题或首先发言来〕开始〔会议或讨论等〕 Is there anyone here who would like to lead off the debate? 在座有哪位愿意带头开始讨论? The Chief Executive led off by pointing out that a merger was only one option. 总经理首先指出，合并只是其中的一个选择方案。lead off with We asked the sales director to lead off with the latest sales figures. 我们让销售部经理先发言，报告一下最近的销售数字。kick off with /ˌkɪk ˈɒf wɪð/ [transitive phrasal verb not in passive]informalto do something as the first part of an activity or an event such as a party or a concert 【非正式】以…开始〔某项活动〕 Let's kick off with an Indian meal somewhere, and go on to a club after that. 我们先到哪里去吃顿印度菜，然后再去找一家夜总会吧。kick off something with something Phelps kicked off an outstanding night's music with a beautifully played Mozart Symphony. 费尔普斯以一曲演奏得很动听的莫扎特交响乐开始了一个精彩的音乐之夜。3 to be the person who starts something 成为开始做某事的人make the first move /meɪk ðə ˌfɜːʳst ˈmuːv/ [verb phrase]to be the first one to do something in a situation where both sides feel nervous, embarrassed, angry etc 〔在双方都觉得紧张、尴尬、生气等的时候〕采取主动，先迈出第一步 I'd always been attracted to her, but I was too shy to make the first move. 我一直喜欢她，可是我胆子太小，不敢采取主动。make the first move to do something The employees made the first move to end the strike. 雇员采取主动，结束了罢工。take the initiative /ˌteɪk ði ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ [verb phrase]to be the first one to do something in a situation, especially when you think people are being silly because they are waiting for someone else to do it first 采取主动〔尤在认为大家都等着别人先去做不好时〕 Everyone was standing around in silence, so I took the initiative and tried to explain why we had come. 大家都站着默不作声，于是我主动站出来解释我们为什么要到这里来。 The disarmament talks failed because neither side was prepared to risk taking the initiative. 裁军谈判告吹，因为双方都不愿意冒险采取主动。4 to start a journey 出发set off/set out /ˌset ˈɒf, ˌset ˈaʊt/ [intransitive phrasal verb]to start a long journey or start going somewhere, especially if your journey has been planned or has a special purpose 出发，动身，启程〔尤指计划好或具有特殊目的的旅程〕 What time do you have to set off in the morning? 你明天早上得什么时候动身？ We had meant to set out before lunch but nobody was ready to leave. 我们本来打算午饭前动身，可是大家都没准备好。set off/set out towards/along/in the direction of etc Packing herself a couple of sandwiches, she set off along the cliff path. 她给自己装了几份三明治，就沿着山崖的小路出发了。！ The weather had been fine on the morning that the climbers set out up the last part of the mountain. 那天早上天气很好，登山者就出发去攀登那座山的最后一段。set off/set out for My mother was only twenty when she married my father and set off for Addis Ababa. 母亲只有20岁的时候嫁给父亲并前往亚的斯亚贝巴。set off/set out from The Royal Navy set out from Portsmouth on July 13th. 7月13日,皇家海军从朴次茅斯启程。set off/set out to do Columbus set out to discover America in the fifteenth century. 哥伦布在15世纪出海航行，发现了美洲大陆。start for /ˈstɑːʳt fɔːʳ/ [transitive phrasal verb]to start a journey to a particular place 动身去〔某地〕 When are you starting for Seattle? 你什么时候动身去西雅图？ It was already dark by the time we started for home. 我们起程回家的时候，天已经黑了。start off /ˌstɑːʳt ˈɒf/ [intransitive phrasal verb]to start moving away from a place where you have been, especially if you are driving a car, riding a bicycle etc 出发〔尤指开车或骑自行车等〕 Before starting off you should check that your seat and mirrors are properly adjusted. 出发前，你应该检查一下座位和后视镜的位置是否调节妥当。start off along/towards/down etc The riders got back on their horses and started off along the track again. 骑手重新跨上马，又沿着小道出发了。hit the road /ˌhɪt ðə ˈrəʊd/ [verb phrase]informalto start a journey 【非正式】上路，出发 It's time we hit the road. 我们该动身了。 The group will be hitting the road again in the new year, in order to promote their new album. 新年里，这个组合将要再次出发宣传他们的新专辑。get going /ˌget ˈgəʊɪŋ/ [verb phrase]informalto start a journey or start going somewhere, especially when you are late or when there has been a delay 【非正式】出发，动身〔尤指时候已不早或被耽搁了〕 Let's get going now or we'll miss the train. 我们走吧，否则赶不上火车了。 The coach was supposed to leave at 10:30 but we eventually got going at 3 o'clock. 长途汽车本应该是10点半开的，但是我们最后3点钟才出发。 Get going, you two! Didn't you hear the school bell? 走吧，你们俩！没听到上课铃响了吗？5 to start doing something regularly 开始经常做某事start/begin /stɑːʳt, bɪˈgɪn/ [transitive verb]to start doing something that you then do regularly.Begin is more formal thanstart and is used especially in written English 开始〔经常做某事；begin 比start正式，尤用于书面英语中〕start/begin doing something I started going to the gym two years ago. 我两年前开始去健身房。 She was only 16 when she began seeing Alan. 她和艾伦开始交往的时候只有16岁。start/begin to do something His parents got divorced last year - that's when he started to take drugs. 他父母去年离婚了—他就是那个时候开始吸毒的。take up /ˌteɪk ˈʌp/ [transitive phrasal verb]to become interested in a sport or activity, and start to spend time doing it 开始喜欢〔某个体育项目或活动〕；开始花时间从事 When did Bryan take up golf? 布赖恩是什么时候开始喜欢上高尔夫球的？ Your pictures are so good - you could take up painting as a profession. 你的画画得非常好——你可以以此为职业了。turn to /ˈtɜːʳn tuː/ [transitive phrasal verb]to start doing something dangerous or illegal 开始〔做危险或违法的事〕 Hal turned to drinking after his wife and kids were killed in a car crash. 妻子和孩子在车祸中丧生以后，哈尔就开始酗酒了。 Research shows that young people without jobs are most likely to turn to crime. 研究显示，无业的年轻人更易走上犯罪道路。take to doing something /ˌteɪk tə ˈduːɪŋ something/ [verb phrase not in passive]to start doing something frequently, especially something that is annoying or worrying 开始做某事〔尤指开始经常做令人气恼或担心的事〕 There's a big ginger cat that's taken to coming in our house at night. 有一只姜黄色的大猫到了晚上就会走进我们家里来。 My daughter took to spending hours alone in her room, only coming downstairs for meals. 我女儿开始整天待在自己的房间里，只有吃饭才下楼来。get into the habit of /ˌget ɪntə ðə ˈhæbt ɒv/ [verb phrase]to start to do something so often that it becomes a habit 开始养成…的习惯 I only used to have one or two cigarettes, but then I got into the habit of it. 我以前只抽一两根香烟，可后来就成为习惯了。get into the habit of of doing something Try to get into the habit of planning your work at the beginning of the day. 要养成习惯，每天一起来就要安排好你的工作。6 to help or encourage someone to start doing something new 帮助或鼓励某人开始做新的事情introduce somebody to /ˌɪntrəˈdjuːs somebody tuːǁ-ˈduːs-/ [verb phrase]to make someone start doing something or start enjoying something, by telling them about it or showing it to them 让某人初次体验，使某人初次接触 Her father introduced her to rock ‘n’ roll when she was a little girl. 她很小的时候，她父亲就引导她接触摇滚乐。introduce somebody to doing something It was my sports teacher who first introduced me to skiing. 滑雪是我的体育老师领我入门的。initiate somebody into /ɪˈnɪʃieɪt somebody ɪntuː/ [verb phrase]to give someone the chance to do something for the first time, especially something unusual or complicated 使某人初次接触〔尤指不寻常或复杂的事〕 People come to me to be initiated into meditation, as a way of handling stress. 人们都来找我学冥想，用这种方法来缓解压力。 He tried to initiate her into the mysteries of Chinese cooking. 他尝试让她领略到中国烹饪的奇妙之处。start somebody on /ˈstɑːʳt somebody ɒn/ [verb phrase]to make someone start doing something regularly, especially because it will be good for them 使某人开始经常做〔某事，尤指这对他们有好处〕 Most parents start their babies on solid foods when they are about 4 months old. 多数父母在孩子四个月大的时候就开始喂他们吃固体食物了。 The doctor said that he wants to start Dad on a special low-cholesterol diet. 医生说，他要让爸爸按特别规定进食，吃低胆固醇的东西。7 to start doing something again in a better way 用更好的办法重新开始做某事start afresh/make a fresh start/make a new start /ˌstɑːʳt əˈfreʃ, meɪk ə ˌfreʃ ˈstɑːʳt, meɪk ə ˌnjuː ˈstɑːʳtǁ-ˌnuː-/ [verb phrase]to start doing something again from the beginning, because you want to do it better or differently from before 重新开始；从头开始 I see the new job as a chance to start afresh. 我把这份新的工作当作是重新开始的一个机会。 The money we won made it possible for us to pay off all our debts and make a new start. 我们中奖得来的钱让我们偿还了所有的债务，并开始新的生活。 He's determined to make a fresh start when he gets out of prison. 他决定出狱后重新做人。start over /ˌstɑːʳt ˈəʊvəʳ/ [intransitive phrasal verb]Americanto go back to the beginning of something and start again 【美】重新开始，从头来过 If you make a keying error, just delete it and start over. 如果你输入有误，就删除它，重新来一遍。 In 1960 the family fled the island of Cuba and, like many others, started over in Miami. 1960年，这家人和许多其他家庭一样逃离古巴岛，在迈阿密开始新的生活。8 to start doing something successfully 开始做某事时成功make a good start/get off to a good start /meɪk ə ˌgʊd ˈstɑːʳt, get ˌɒf tʊ ə ˌgʊd ˈstɑːʳt/ [verb phrase] I haven't finished all my Christmas shopping yet but I've made a good start. 圣诞节采购我还没有全部完成，但是开始得很顺利。 Chelsea got off to a good start with a victory over Southampton on the first day of the season. 切尔西队在赛季的第一天就开局顺利，战胜了南安普顿队。get off to a flying start /get ˌɒf tʊ ə ˌflaɪ-ɪŋ ˈstɑːʳt/ [verb phrase]to start doing something very successfully 取得极好的开端 Kate's got off to a flying start. She was promoted twice in the first six months. 凯特一开始就平步青云，头六个月里提升了两次。9 to start doing something unsuccessfully 开始做某事时不成功get off to a bad start /get ˌɒf tʊ ə ˌbæd ˈstɑːʳt/ [verb phrase] I got off to a bad start at the interview by spilling my coffee all over my notes. 面试的时候我一开头就不顺利，我把咖啡都洒到笔记上了。 The senator got off to a bad start, twice forgetting the name of the town he was in. 参议员出师不利，两次忘了他所在小镇的名字。get/start off on the wrong foot /get, stɑːʳt ˌɒf ɒn ðə ˌrɒŋ ˈfʊtǁ -ˌrɔːŋ-/ [verb phrase]to start something such as a relationship or job and be unsuccessful at the beginning, for example by unintentionally making people upset or angry 〔关系或工作等〕一开头就不顺利 What should I wear on my first day? I don't want to start off on the wrong foot. 我第一天穿什么衣服好呢？我可不想一开始就给人留下不好的印象。 John seems to have got off on the wrong foot with Angela -- she won't even speak to him. 约翰似乎一开始就和安杰拉合不来—她连话也不跟他说。false start /ˌfɔːls ˈstɑːʳt/ [countable noun]an unsuccessful attempt to start doing something such as a piece of work or a plan 〔工作或计划等〕失败的开端 After a number of false starts, the Channel Tunnel between England and France finally went ahead in the late 80s. 经过几次失败的尝试以后，英法之间的海峡隧道终于在80年代末动工了。10 to start happening 开始发生start/begin /stɑːʳt, bɪˈgɪn/ [intransitive verb]begin is more formal thanstart, and is used especially in written English 开始〔begin 比start正式，尤用于书面英语中〕 Do you know what time our first class starts? 你知道我们第一节课什么时候开始上吗? My day starts at 5 or 6 o'clock, when the baby wakes up. 早上五六点钟，宝宝醒了，我的一天也就开始了。 The movie was just beginning when Richard and James arrived. 理查德和詹姆斯到来的时候，电影刚开始播放。 Work on the new bridge will begin next year. 这座新桥将于明年动工。open /ˈəʊpən/ [intransitive verb]if a play or showopens, it starts being shown to the public 〔戏剧或演出〕开演 Andrew Lloyd Webber's new musical will open later this year. 安德鲁·劳埃德·韦伯的新音乐剧将于今年稍后时间开演。 A permanent exhibition of Moore's work will open next year. 莫尔的作品常设展将于明年开幕。kick off /ˌkɪk ˈɒf/ [intransitive phrasal verb]informalif a planned event such as a game or a meetingkicks off, it starts 【非正式】〔比赛、会议等预先计划的事〕开始 If the meeting kicks off on time, we should be finished by 12 o'clock. 如果会议准时开始，12点钟之前应该能够结束。kick off with The carnival kicked off with a wonderful firework display. 狂欢节以精彩的烟花表演作为开场。11 to start to exist 开始存在come into being/existence /ˌkʌm ɪntə ˈbiːɪŋ, ɪgˈzɪstəns/ [verb phrase]if something such as an organization or a countrycomes into being orinto existence, it starts to exist 〔组织、国家等〕形成，成立 Pakistan came into existence as an independent country in 1947. 巴基斯坦于1947年建国，成为一个独立的国家。 Darwin's theory of evolution explains how different species came into being. 达尔文的进化论阐述了不同物种是如何出现的。spring up /ˌsprɪŋ ˈʌp/ [intransitive phrasal verb]to suddenly start to exist in a very short period of time 〔在短时间内〕突然出现 Dozens of websites have sprung up to provide information for travelers. 一时间冒出了许多为旅行人士提供信息的网站。 New dot.com companies are springing up all the time. 新的网络公司不断涌现。arise /əˈraɪz/ [intransitive verb]if something such as a problem, a difficulty, or an argumentarises, it appears or starts, usually as a result of something else happening 〔问题、困难或争吵等〕出现；产生 When a conflict arises in the workplace, you should aim to repair the relationship as quickly as possible. 工作场所里发生冲突，就应该尽快努力修复关系。arise from/out of Low achievement at school often arises from poverty and bad social conditions. 在学校里成绩不好往往是贫困和不良社会环境造成的。if/when/should etc the need ariseif etc it becomes necessary 如果有必要 All staff are expected to do some overtime, if the need arises. 如有必要的话，所有员工都要加班。be born /biː ˈbɔːʳn/ [verb phrase]if an important idea, group, or organizationis born, it starts to exist - use this especially when you are describing the history of something: 〔重要的主意、团体或组织〕产生，诞生〔尤用于谈到某事物的历史〕 With the invention of the electric guitar, rock ‘n’ roll was born. 随着电吉他的发明，摇滚乐诞生了。 Picasso was painting pictures in a Cubist style long before the Cubist movement was born. 早在立体主义运动诞生之前，毕加索就用立体派风格作画了。the arrival of /ði əˈraɪvəl ɒv/ [noun phrase]when something new starts to exist or be used 的出现，…的问世 The arrival of the railroads after the Civil War produced a huge building boom in California. 内战以后铁路的出现，在加州掀起了一股巨大的建筑热潮。 the arrival of gene technology 基因技术的兴起12 when something bad starts to happen 不好的事情开始发生break out /ˌbreɪk ˈaʊt/ [intransitive phrasal verb]to start happening - use this about unpleasant things like fires, wars, or diseases 〔火灾、战争或疾病等不愉快的事情〕突然发生，爆发 A fire broke out on the top floor of the building. 大楼的顶层突然发生火灾。 Late last night, fighting broke out between gangs of rival football fans. 昨天深夜，对立的足球迷帮派之间发生了打斗。outbreak /ˈaʊtbreɪk/ [countable noun]when something unpleasant starts happening, such as a fire, war, or disease 〔火灾、战争或疾病等不愉快事情的〕爆发 Thousands of people died as the result of this latest cholera outbreak. 最近的这次霍乱爆发造成了成千上万人死亡。outbreak of There's been an outbreak of food poisoning at the hotel. 宾馆里发生了食物中毒事件。 The system started to operate in late 1914, a few months after the outbreak of war in Europe. 这套体制在1914年末战争在欧洲爆发几个月以后开始运作。erupt /ɪˈrʌpt/ [intransitive verb]if fighting, violence etcerupts, it starts very suddenly 〔打架、暴力事件等〕突然爆发 A fight over a game of cards had erupted in the corner of the bar. 在酒吧的角落里，有人因为玩纸牌突然打了起来。 Massive and often violent protests erupted across the country. 全国各地都爆发了大规模的抗议活动，其中许多都非常激烈。 Gang violence can erupt for no apparent reason. 黑帮暴力事件有时无缘无故就会爆发。set in /ˌset ˈɪn/ [intransitive phrasal verb]if something badsets in, for example bad weather or an illness, it starts and seems likely to continue 〔坏天气、疾病等〕来临，开始 It looks as if the rain has set in for the day. 看来天要下雨了。 The doctors operated immediately to prevent any infection setting in. 医生们立即进行了手术，以防止发生感染。 Worldwide economic recession set in during the early 1980s. 20世纪80年代初出现了全球性的经济衰退。13 to make something start happening 使某事开始发生start /stɑːʳt/ [transitive verb]to make somethingstart happening 使开始 The police have already started an investigation. 警方已经开始调查了。 The referee couldn't start the game because there were fans on the field. 裁判没法宣布比赛开始，因为球场上还有球迷。 A ‘safe neighbourhood’ campaign has been started by local residents. 当地居民发起了“安全社区”活动。launch /lɔːntʃ/ [transitive verb]launch an attack/appeal/inquiry etcto start a public or military activity, when there is a clear aim that you want to achieve 发动进攻/发出呼吁/展开调查等 Rebel forces launched an attack on the capital. 叛军向首都发动了攻击。 Police are launching a major murder inquiry. 警方正在为谋杀案展开一场大规模的调查。 The local hospital has launched a campaign to raise money for new X-ray equipment. 当地医院正在为购买新的X光设备发起一场筹款活动。open /ˈəʊpən/ [transitive verb]open an investigation/inquiryto start an official process of gathering information about a particular problem, in order to find out what caused it or to find a solution 展开调查，开始调查 Police have opened an investigation into the girl's disappearance. 警方已经对女孩的失踪展开调查。 The Football Association are to open an inquiry into recent crowd trouble. 足球协会将对最近观众闹事一事展开调查。initiate /ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/ [transitive verb]formalto start something such as an official process or discussion about something important 【正式】发起；开始〔正式的程序或讨论〕 Peace talks have been initiated in an attempt to avert full scale war. 为避免战争全面爆发，和平谈判已经开始。 The couple plan to initiate legal proceedings against the police. 这对夫妇打算对警方提出起诉。spark off /ˌspɑːʳk ˈɒf/ [transitive phrasal verb]to make something happen, especially something serious, difficult, or important 引发，触发〔尤指严重、困难或重要的事〕 The murder sparked off a wave of protests in the city. 这桩命案在市里引发了一波抗议浪潮。 Recent freak weather conditions have sparked off renewed fears about the effects of global warming. 近来的反常天气再次引起人们对全球变暖所造成的影响产生忧虑。set in motionalsoset into motionAmerican /ˌset ɪn ˈməʊʃən, ˌset ɪntə ˈməʊʃən/ [verb phrase]to start a process or series of events that will continue for a long time even if you take no further action 使〔程序或一连串事件〕开始，启动 A few months later the divorce procedure was set in motion. 几个月以后，离婚程序启动了。 The government had already set into motion a series of reforms. 政府已经开始了一连串的改革。 Wait's actions had set in motion a chain of events that would eventually result in his dismissal. 韦特的行为引发了一连串的事件，这些事件最后将导致他被解雇。get/start/set the ball rolling /ˌget, ˌstɑːʳt, ˌset ðə ˈbɔːl ˌrəʊlɪŋ/ [verb phrase]informalto start a meeting, discussion, event etc by doing something in order to encourage other people to take part in it as well 【非正式】使〔会议、讨论、事情等〕开始〔以鼓励其他人参与〕 Mark stood up and asked the first question to get the ball rolling. 马克站起来，问了第一个问题作为开始。 To start the ball rolling, the government was asked to contribute £50,000 to the new charity. 政府被要求带头给这个新的慈善机构捐赠50,000英镑。get things moving /ˌget θɪŋz ˈmuːvɪŋ/ [verb phrase]to make a process start by doing or arranging the first part of it, after which it will become easier 使事情开展起来 Change is certainly needed and the new headteacher needs to get things moving quickly. 改革肯定是需要的，新校长必须尽快取得进展。 Once we got things moving, the deal went through very quickly. 我们一旦启动，协议很快就达成了。(let's) get this show on the road /(lets) get ðɪs ˌʃəʊ ɒn ðə ˈrəʊd/ [verb phrase]spokenuse this to say that you now want to start something that you have been planning 【口】〔我们〕开始〔吧〕，〔我们〕开始干起来〔吧〕 Are you all packed and ready? Right, let's get this show on the road. 你们都收拾好行李了吗？好了，我们出发吧。 We're having another meeting next week, hopefully to really get this show on the road. 我们下星期还要开一次会，希望能把这事真正落实。14 to officially start a new system, method, rule etc 正式开始使用新的制度、方法、规定等introduce/bring in /ˌɪntrəˈdjuːsǁ-ˈduːs, ˌbrɪŋ ˈɪn/ [transitive verb/transitive phrasal verb]to officially start a new system, method, or rule for the first time 推行〔新的制度、方法或规定〕；实施；引进 The company is thinking of introducing medical tests for all employees. 公司正考虑为所有员工安排体检。 New safety measures will be introduced next month. 新的安全措施将于下个月实施。 The city authorities are bringing in new parking regulations next month. 市政当局将于下个月推行新的停车规定。phase in /ˌfeɪz ˈɪn/ [transitive phrasal verb]to introduce a new law or rule gradually, over a fairly long period of time 逐步采用〔实施〕〔新的法律或规定〕；分阶段引进 The new technology will be phased in over a five year period. 这项新技术将在五年内逐步采用。 In an attempt to reduce opposition to its tax reforms, the government plans to phase them in gradually. 为了缓解人们对这次税务改革的反对，政府打算分阶段逐步实施。come into effect/operation /ˌkʌm ɪntʊ ɪˈfekt, ˌɒpəˈreɪʃənǁ-ˌɑːp-/ [verb phrase]if a new law or systemcomes into effect orcomes into operation, it starts to be used officially 生效，开始实施 The new law came into effect in 1991. 这项新法律于1991年开始生效。 Eventually a ban on the sale of fireworks to children came into operation. 禁止向儿童出售烟花的法令终于开始实施了。15 to start a new business or organization 开创新的公司或组织start/start up /stɑːʳt, ˌstɑːʳt ˈʌp/ [transitive verb/transitive phrasal verb]to start a new business or organization 开办，开创 Luigi's family came here in 1966 and started up a chain of restaurants. 1966年，卢贾一家人来到这里开了几家连锁餐厅。 John decided to start his own textile business shortly after the war. 战后不久，约翰决定创办自己的纺织企业。open /ˈəʊpən/ [transitive verb]to start a business that provides services to the public, such as a shop, restaurant, or hotel 开办〔商店、餐馆或旅馆等服务性行业〕 They just opened a new supermarket on Van Nuys Boulevard. 他们刚刚在范纽斯大街开了一家新的超级市场。 The rail company plans to open several new lines over the next five years. 铁路公司计划在未来五年再开几条新线路。set up /ˌset ˈʌp/ [transitive phrasal verb]to start a new business by making all the necessary arrangements, buying equipment etc 开办，创立 Kate and her partner are setting up their own printing business. 凯特和她的合伙人正要开办自己的印刷公司。set up in businessto start to run your own business 创业 The Enterprise Center runs courses for people who want to set up in business on their own. 创业中心为希望自己创业的人举办培训课程。set up as Dad set up as a builder in 1990 and now he employs over twenty men. 1990年爸爸成立了一家建筑公司，现在手下雇有二十多个人。establish /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/ [transitive verb]to start an important organization that is intended to be permanent, or that continues for a very long time 成立，创立〔永久或持续很长时间的组织〕 The company was established in 1899. 这家公司创立于1899年。 Most of the money will be used to establish local industries and mobilize the work-force. 这笔钱大部分将用于创办地方工业和调用劳动力。establishment [uncountable noun] The establishment of NATO in 1949 gave the US a leading role in the defence of Europe. 1949年北约的成立确立了美国在欧洲防御事务上的主导地位。found /faʊnd/ [transitive verb usually in passive]to start an organization, school, hospital etc, especially by providing the money for it - use this especially about something that was started a long time ago 〔尤提供资金〕成立，创建〔尤指很久以前成立的组织、学校、医院等〕 Who originally founded the college? 这所学院最初是谁创办的? The bank was founded 60 years ago in Munich. 这家银行60年前于慕尼黑成立。foundation /faʊnˈdeɪʃən/ [uncountable noun] The hospital has served the needs of the local community since its foundation in 1863. 这家医院自1863年创建以来满足了当地社区的需要。inception /ɪnˈsepʃən/ [singular noun]formalthe start of an organization, institution, or programme 【正式】〔组织、机构或项目的〕创始，开端 Within a few years of its inception, the charity was involved in aid projects all around the world. 该慈善机构成立了短短几年便参与了世界各地的援助项目。 Not long after their inception, the welfare programs were under attack. 这个福利计划实施没多久就遭到了抨击。16 when something starts a natural process 某事物开始一个自然过程start /stɑːʳt/ [transitive verb] Investigators still aren't sure what started the fire. 调查人员仍然不能确定起火的原因。 It is thought that the avalanche was started by a small rock-fall on the higher slopes. 据认为，这次雪崩是由高处山坡上一次小小的岩崩引起的。 Adding acid to the test tube starts a chemical process which leads to the formation of crystals. 把酸加入试管就会产生化学反应，最后形成晶体。activate /ˈæktɪveɪt, ˈæktəveɪt/ [transitive verb]to start a natural process, especially one that will continue for a fairly long time - used especially in scientific contexts 激活，使活化〔尤用于科学方面〕 The process is activated by sunlight. 这个过程是靠阳光激活的。 In certain rare circumstances, these vaccines could activate disease. 在极少数的情况下，这些疫苗会激活疾病。set off /ˌset ˈɒf/ [transitive phrasal verb]to start a natural process, usually accidentally and with the result that it is difficult to stop it 〔通常无意地〕引起，触发〔某一自然过程〕 In 1992, tidal waves set off by a strong earthquake killed around 2000 people. 1992年，一场强烈的地震引发海啸，造成约2,000人死亡。 The splitting of an atom sets off an explosive chain reaction. 原子分裂可造成一触即发的连锁反应。17 to start an old law, custom, system etc after a long time 很久以后重新启用一种旧的法律、习俗、制度等bring back /ˌbrɪŋ ˈbæk/ [transitive phrasal verb]to start using a custom, system, law etc again, that was used in the past but then stopped 恢复〔旧的习俗、制度、法律等〕 Do you think they should bring back the death penalty? 你觉得他们应该恢复死刑吗? They're talking about bringing back formal grammar teaching. 他们在讨论恢复正规的语法教学。reintroduce /ˌriːɪntrəˈdjuːsǁ-ˈduːs/ [transitive verb]to start using a law or system again after you had previously stopped using it 再次使用，重新引入〔旧的法律或制度〕 Many people think that student grants should be reintroduced. 许多人认为应该恢复奖学金制度。 They are reintroducing English as the official language in schools throughout the country. 他们打算在全国各地的学校恢复英语作为官方语言的地位。reintroduction /ˌriːɪntrəˈdʌkʃən/ [uncountable noun] the reintroduction of compulsory military service 义务兵役制的重新引入revive /rɪˈvaɪv/ [transitive verb]to start or strengthen something such as an old practice, custom, or idea after it had begun to disappear, so that it becomes popular again 使〔旧的惯例、习俗或思想等〕复兴，使再流行 a campaign to revive the tradition of holding a two-minute silence on Armistice Day 恢复停战日静默两分钟的传统的运动 They are planning to revive the old Saint's Day parades through town. 他们打算恢复圣徒节在镇上游行的古老传统。revival [countable noun] a revival of interest in sixties music and style 对60年代音乐和风格的兴趣的复兴restore /rɪˈstɔːʳ/ [transitive verb]to introduce an old law, rule etc that had been completely stopped 恢复〔本已完全停止的旧法律、旧规定等〕 The earlier restrictions on currency exchange have now been restored. 早前对货币汇兑的限制现在又恢复了。restoration /ˌrestəˈreɪʃən/ [uncountable noun] Next week there will be a debate on the restoration of capital punishment. 下个星期将举行一次有关恢复死刑的辩论会。resurrect /ˌrezəˈrekt/ [transitive verb]to start an old practice, custom, system etc again after it has not existed for a long time, especially because you think that a changed situation makes it necessary or useful again 使〔旧习俗、旧制度等〕复苏；重新使用〔尤因情形的变化而需要〕 Old theories about the origin of the universe have recently been resurrected. 过去关于宇宙起源的理论最近又被重新提出来。 There's a growing drive to resurrect the ancient woodland tradition of charcoal burning. 恢复古代山林里烧碳传统的需求不断增长。